Sunday, May 22, 2011

GROUND EXPLORATION

 1. MACKINTOSH PROBE
The Mackintosh Probe Test is a simple and economic testing method to gather preliminary data on sub surface conditions. Such data maybe adequate for the designs of foundations for lightly loaded structures as this provides a very economic method of determining the thickness of soft deposits such as peat.
  

MACKONTOSH PROBE APPARATUS

2. HAND AUGER              
Used in soft to stiff cohesive soils or sandy soils above water table. Maximum depth is about 5m. Is particularly valuable in connection with ground-water determination
   


HAND AUGER

 
HAND AUGER

 
 
 

3. STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
Suitable for almost all soil types except very soft clay & coarse gravel. Disturb samples (35 mm diameter) are procured from the test for field. Identification/description of soil types and subsequent lab classification and index properties test. Is usually carried out at a change of strata or 1.5 m interval .

4. VANE SHEAR TEST
Very suitable for very soft to stiff clay to obtain Undrained Shear Strength of these soils. A four –blade is drive into the soil at the end of a rod and the   vane then  rotated at a constant rate between 6 and 12 deg./min until the cylinder of soil contained by the blades shear. The maximum torque required for this is recorded.






 
VANE SHEAR TEST

 




 
 



Tuesday, May 17, 2011

6 STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE INVESTIGATION


1. DESK STUDY

This is essentially the collection of a wide variety of information relating to the site. eg : maps, drawings,local authority information; geological maps, memoirs, records; details of utilities.





2.SITE RECONNAISSANCE
An early examination of the site by appropriate experts is most desirable eg. Geologist, land surveyor, soils engineer, hydrologist etc. Information should be collected on the overall site layout, topography, basic geology; details of access, entry and height restrictions. Local conditions should be examined, such as climate, stream flows, groundwater conditions, site utilisation related to weather and time of year. Where possible photographic records should be kept.





3.  SITE EXPLORATION & SAMPLING
Investigation of detailed geology and sub-surface soil conditions using surface surveys, trial pits, headings, boreholes, sounding, geophysical methods, as appropriate; survey of groundwater conditions over a signification period of time (Maybe even after completion of works); examination of existing and adjacent structures or cavities, buried pipes, services, etc.; provision of samples for further examination and laboratory testing.









4. FIELD TEST / INSITU TEST
Test carried out on the site either prior to or during the construction process; ground test such as shear-vane, standard penetration, cone penetration, plate bearing, pressure meter; structure loading test, such as test on piles, proof loading; displacement observation.


 5.  LABORATORY TESTING
Tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples submitted from the site team; test on soils (as specified) for classification, quality, permeability, shear strength, compressibility,etc.; test on rock cores and samples for strength and durability; test on constructional materials, such as California Bearing Ratio; test on groundwater, chemical and petro graphic analyses.


LABORATORY TESTING
6. REPORT WRITING
Details of geological study, including structures, stratigraphy andmapping; results of borings, etc., including log, references for samples and stratigraphy interpretations as requested; comments and recommendations relating to the design and construction of the proposed works; recommendations relating to further investigating ortesting, and to ongoing or post-completion monitoring.




Monday, May 16, 2011

SITE INVESTIGATION

 
 
DEFINITION
 
Site Investigation (SI) is the exploration or discovery of the ground conditions to enable engineers to make informed design decisions
 
 
OBJECTIVE OF SITE INVESTIGATION
 
  • The British Standard Code of Practice BS 5930:1991 gives a list of the objects of site investigation as follows:
  • To assess the general suitability of the site and environs for the proposed works
  • To enable an adequate and economic design to be prepared, including the design of temporary works
  • To plan the best method of construction; to foresee and provide agains difficulties and delays that may arise during construction due to ground and other local conditions
  • To determine the changes that may arise in the ground and environmental conditions, either naturally or as a result of the works, and the effect of such changes on the works, and the environment in general where alternatives exist, to advice on the relative suitability of different sites, or different parts of the same site.

 

 

 

ROCK KAPAK

INTRODUCTION



BUKAN SENANG NAK JADI ENGINEER...

Jauh berjalan, luas pandangan. selain dari merehatkan minda, juga berpeluang melihat titik peluh seorang engineer. bukan senang untuk membina sebuah struktur yang boleh berdiri teguh. Bukan saja mempunyai nilai estetika, tapi juga selamat untuk didiami.Selama ini kita hanya lihat keindahan bangunan tersebut.. bergambar di hadapan nya sebagai kenangan, tapi terfikir kah kita  ASAS ( FOUNDATION ) yang menampung bangunan tersebut dari runtuh atau mendap...



BUKIT TINGGI, PAHANG



BUKIT TINGGI PAHANG




MELAKA BANDAR BERSEJARAH



BUKIT TINGGI


 

KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK


RESULT FINAL EXAM

PERHATIAN!!!!
Semua pelajar DKA 6A boleh merujuk di laman web PSA. http//www.psa.edu.my

Tuesday, May 10, 2011

TITIK PERMULAAN





Bukan senang untuk berjaya....
Baru nak bermula... tapi itu semua bukan alasan... setiap kejayaan itu mmg perlukan pengorbanan dan kesabaran..setiap kepahitan dan kepedihan itu, akhirnya terubat bila kita berjaya.. mudah2an kita ikut resmi padi.. Makin berisi, makin tunduk..InsyaAllah..